Web Site Guidelines - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)

The GNU/FSF Web Site Guidelines

These are style guidelines for writing WWW web pages in HTML for the GNU/FSF web server.

The standards documented here are the default for the GNU project and FSF websites. All pages should appear this way by default. However, if you want to design alternative pages that differ from these guidelines, it's ok to do so as long as those features are supported by some Free Software web browsers.

However, when new features are used, they should be used in a consistent way, and standards should be developed for how we use them. Please contact the other maintainers of www.gnu.org pages that use similar features, and discuss with them new standards for using these features, so we can note those new standards here.

Talk with <webmasters@gnu.org> if you are having trouble finding other web page authors using the features you are interested in.

Please note, however, that regardless, frames should not be used, even in the alternative pages, because they interfere with bookmarking. But if you think you know of a good reason to use frames, please tell us about it.

Copyright Guidelines

Every page should have a Copyright notice.
The default is what's at the bottom of boilerplate.html.
If the page is copyrighted by someone else, make sure their Copyright notice is on the page. Replace the default FSF Copyright notice at the bottom of the page with this:
Copyright notice above.
Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA
The reason to note this at the bottom is so the user finds the copyright information at the same place on each page.
If the source text for a set of pages is copyrighted by someone else, (i.e. you split a document into more than one page) make sure their Copyright notice is at the bottom of each page, where the default FSF Copyright notice would otherwise be.
On the page containing their Copyright notice, you can replace the default FSF Copyright notice at the bottom of the page with this:
Copyright notice above.
Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110, USA
The reason to note this at the bottom is so the user finds the copyright information at the same place on each page.
All pages should have a notice saying that they are freely distributable. If you can not get such a permission from the author, please discuss this with the webmasters first.

General Guidelines

Remember, it's GNU to have fun along the way!
Good spelling is encouraged. Use the GNU Emacs ispell-mode if in doubt.
The FSF will install only free software on the GNU/FSF web server. We prefer that only free software be used to develop content for the GNU/FSF web server.
The GNU/FSF web server only lists and links only to free software. The software's source code and executables have to be freely redistributable and modifiable to and by all people, companies, and organizations. If in doubt, ask <gnu@gnu.org>.
The GNU/FSF web server gives priority to software covered by either the GNU General Public License or GNU Lesser General Public License, which is always listed first.
The GNU/FSF web server is interested first in content. Substance is more important than style. The use of graphics should be minimized, so pages load fast over slow links. The GNU Project is for everyone, even those with slow Internet access and/or text-only WWW browsers.
Often a page will start off with some links, then have the GNU/FSF text. The goal is to get each user quickly to what they want to find out, having most of the info on the first screen. This is similar to having the start of a Menu within the first 24 lines of an Info page.
Offer a document in as many formats as the GNU Project has it. For an example, see The GNU Free Documentation License. This lets the user get the document in the format most useful to him.
Before you take any graphics or text from another Web site, please ask for permission to use it. It's polite to do so. It is also essential for us to avoid copyright infringement.
Do not list an address of an individual, especially the maintainer of a GNU package, unless the maintainer has explicitly asked to have it listed. Most GNU maintainers do not want a lot of extra mail and prefer to get bug reports, etc. from the GNU bug report mailing lists (50k characters).

Filename and URL Guidelines

Hand-written URLs which refer to other files should be absolute, starting from the root page. That is, file names should start with "/" (e.g. "/order/order.html", but not "http://www.gnu.org/"). This makes it easier to copy and paste "<a href="s from other pages, and also makes it easier to set up mirror servers.
However, it is ok to omit the file name entirely when referring to a tag in the same file.
When the link points to another page on the GNU/FSF server, omit the word "http:" at the beginning. In other words, use "http:" only before a host name.
Collections of files produced automatically from Texinfo source contain links with relative file names. They always refer to another file in the same directory. These links are ok.
To make it easier to edit many files at once in Emacs:
- Try and give each html file a unique name.
- The filename index.html should only be used as a symbolic link.
Each directory, in the web server tree, should have an index.html symbolic link to the top-level html file for that directory. Use the .symlinks file to handle this.
Don't use just a directory name in a URL; always include the specific file name. E.g. use "/gnu/gnu-history.html" not just "/gnu/". And never use "index.html" in a URL. Both of these are kindnesses to the users, as browsers change the highlighting on a link, if a user has already seen it. If the link is known by several different file names, the user will not get a highlighted link on the file names the user hasn't explicitly referenced. So the user goes to pages the user has already seen, which is irritating.

HTML Guidelines

Keep the HTML simple. Our goal is to get information to people. Keeping the HTML and site design simple helps accomplish that.
HTML on the GNU/FSF web server should be conservative. Though we generally use XHTML 1.0 Strict, with content type text/html. XHTML Transitional is good enough; HTML 4.01 is acceptable. We don't want to experiment with the latest features of any browser on the GNU/FSF web server. It is important that the pages on the GNU/FSF web server, display well on all browsers that implement no more than HTML 2.0.
Regarding character encoding, in general, the use of 8 bit unicode makes life easy on our translators, so xhtml with utf-8 is preferred as a general rule. When using html 4.01, please keep in mind the W3C recommendation and the appropriate character set respective to the language in question.
We support the Best Viewed with Any Browser campaign.
When using some new HTML construct, test view pages under many browsers, both text-only and full graphics, and older versions of each browser as well. This helps make sure the pages present well under all browsers, and prevent HTML design that looks great under one version of one browser, and ugly under many others. For example, test view under:
- Lynx
- links
- GNU Emacs' w3-mode
- Mozilla
- Arena
- Hot Java
- Mosaic 2 and 2.75b
- Netscape 3, 4, and 5
- Internet Explorer, including the AOL web browser, which is a special version of Internet Explorer (around 10 million users have AOL web browser as their only browser)
Of course, please don't install any of the proprietary software browsers mentioned above if you don't already use them anyway.
All pages should have <html> <head> <title> <body> pairs when using HTML, and the appropriate DTD reference (see file boilerplate.html). This makes up for overly pedantic browsers.
All pages should have contact info for both the FSF (or responsible party) and the webmasters at the bottom of each page. The default is what's at the bottom of boilerplate.html. The reason to note this at the bottom is so the user always finds this contact information at the same place on each page.
The first header tag, <h[n]>, should have its text duplicated at the start of the <title> tag. The <title> tag is used by many browsers in menus like the history and bookmarks lists, as a link to that page. It helps the user to have them the same, so when he clicks on an item in a list, he gets a page with the same "title".
The <title> tag should include the phrases "GNU Project" and "Free Software Foundation (FSF)" so the pages will be found when WWW search engines are used. The default is to add this at the end: " - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation (FSF)".
The <head> pair should have this line after the <title> pair:
<link rev="made" href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org" />
Some browsers use this information to allow users to easily report problems they find on a page.
On pages with dated entries (e.g. What's New, Thank GNUs, and GNU's Bulletins, the newer entries should be first (i.e reverse chronological order).
Cite people with e-mail addresses this way:
```
<a href="http://www.stallman.org/rms.html">Richard Stallman</a>
<a href="mailto:rms@gnu.org">&lt;rms@gnu.org&gt;</a>
       
```
which browsers display this way:
Richard Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
It is less confusing to the user, because it's clear what is a http: link to another WWW page and what is a mailto: anchor that will bring up a mail form to fill out and send, if this is supported by the client.
Also, if the user saves a copy of the page, he will have a copy of the e-mail address he can use, without going back to his web browser.
If the person doesn't have a web page, use:
```
Richard Stallman
<a href="mailto:rms@gnu.org">&lt;rms@gnu.org&gt;</a>
       
```
which browsers display this way:
Richard Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
Cite FTP locations of source code with the full URL of the directory they are in:
```
<a href="http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/GNUinfo/standards.info">http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/GNUinfo/standards.info</a>
       
```
which browsers display this way:
http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/GNUinfo/standards.info
It is less confusing to the user, because it's clear that it's source code to download, not a http: link to another WWW page.
Also, if the user saves a copy of the page, he will have a copy of the FTP location he can use, without going back to his web broswer.
We encourage FTP sites to use a directory for each package, and only put one package's files in each directory, so that the users can see what versions of that package and related information can be downloaded (e.g. a ReadMe file, information of what versions are available, documentations, fonts, etc.).
Also, it means that the FTP location URLs do not need to be changed, on this and other sites, as new versions are released into that directory.
Here is an example:
You can download the sources for the GNU Coding Standards from directory http://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/GNUinfo/standards.info or from a GNU FTP Mirror Site.
There is no reliable way to make a non-breaking space in HTML. Despite the standard, many browsers out there don't understand  . Some browsers (such as DosLynx) use the Operating System current codepage so even if you use   -- the ISO Latin-1 code -- it still won't look right.
If you specify any color attribute, you should specify all of them that are allowed for that tag. This is because some browsers allow users to specify defaults for the color attributes, and the user's choices could conflict with your choices, as your choices override the user's choices. In the worse case, the foreground and background could end up the same.
For example, for the <BODY> tag specify all these attributes: BGCOLOR, TEXT, LINK, ALINK, and VLINK.
However, this is normally done in CSS when using HTML 4 and XHTML, and is required with Strict and 1.1. Please see /gnu.css for details.
It is okay to use tables if you know what you are doing. Tables take significant time to render using some browsers, so they should be small enough so that this is not a problem. 50 lines is probably a nice arbitrary limit for such tables.
Some people like to use tables to make the impression of a menu to the left or right of a text when using graphical browsers. That does not work very well with text browsers since they will make the menu appear either on top of the page or at the bottom. If you have a menu that is more than 30 lines long, then it's very probable that a user viewing the page will never bother to read the text because it will be too far down. You should make an effort to keep such menus under 20 lines long so that the content of the page is visible on the first page when viewing it with a text browser. A menu bar of one or two lines might accomplish your purpose as well. Please see the navigation bar guidelines below.
Screen reader software used by most blind people read the text from left to right, ignoring any tables that you make. If you use tables, you should make an effort to make sure that reading a whole page left to right doesn't screw up such software.

Use of Graphics

The use of graphics should be minimized, so pages load fast over slow links. The GNU Project is for everyone, even those with slow Internet access and/or text-only WWW browsers.
Due to the patent problem with GIFs, all in-line images should be in JPEG format and possibly with a pointer to our page on the GIF problem http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/gif.html. Other formats are also allowed, though JPEG is the one most widely recognized by Web browsers.
Before you take any graphics or text from another Web site, please ask for permission to use it. It's polite to do so. It is also essential for us to avoid copyright infringement.
Whenever you add a graphic to this site's web pages, please:
- locate the graphic file in the '/graphics/' subdirectory.
- create a new html web page in '/graphics/'
- add a link to it on the GNU graphics page. This is so it's easy for visitors to the site to find all the graphics on the site in one place.
Tag all images like this:

This will allow the user to quickly go to a page related to the picture if he or she is interested.
Always have a textual alternative for in-line images:
<img src="/graphics/*.jpg" alt=" [Image of DESCRIPTIVE TEXT] ">.
The FSF wants users who have text-only access to the Web to be treated as well as those who have both text and graphic access.
We add the spaces and square brackets to separate the DESCRIPTIVE TEXT from adjacent text, and help the user realize that this is a stand-in for a graphic.
Always have width and height attributes for in-line images:
<img src="/graphics/*.jpg" alt=" [Image of DESCRIPTIVE TEXT] " width="999" height="666">.
This improves the performance of some browsers.
We do not use backgrounds on our pages, as they make text significantly harder to read. Improving readability is also the reason we specify black text on a white background in the <body tags on our pages.
Sometimes it can be useful to add some HTML tags, for example a table, that gives a broader "white" area around a block of text. This can be used to draw more attention to one block in the text.

Navigation Guidelines

If you wish to add the front page navigation row (or a bar with your own links), there are two ways you can go about it: you can create a table row that places the links at the right or left of the page, or you can use CSS. The /gnu.css file defaults to the right for the CSS. Please keep the following things in mind:

For CSS use class "linkbar"
For tables, all the guidelines above still apply (the size of the table, the amount of lines for the link).
Unless the links are not very long (ie under 20 lines or so), keep the links so that they will display at the bottom in text browsers.
CSS will be a little more complicated. Where you place the links is where a browser without CSS support will display the bar. Please use the same considerations here as with tables. If you need to modify the css, be careful that you don't affect other pages that use it.

Useful Resources

Appendix B Tips and Hints, and other style tips in the Texinfo Manual.
We follow the guidelines of Best Viewed with Any Browser campaign.
Basic info on the WWW and its technical specifications can be found at The World Wide Web Consortium.
Basic info on HTML can be found at the W3C's site on Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).
The GNU/FSF web server follows the reasonable parts of the w3.org Style Guide.

Return to GNU's home page.

FSF & GNU inquiries & questions to gnu@gnu.org. Other ways to contact the FSF.

Comments on these web pages to webmasters@www.gnu.org, send other questions to gnu@gnu.org.

Verbatim copying and distribution of this entire article is permitted in any medium, provided this notice is preserved.

Updated: $Date: 2005/05/05 19:37:19 $ $Author: novalis $

Lord of the Rings Fantasy MSN