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Welcome to another issue of the Brave GNU World. Since word processing is certainly among the most common users' needs, the following feature has been moved to the top. Hopefully this will also give especially "beginners" new perspectives.

欢迎再次来到《勇敢 GNU 世界》。由于「文书处理（word processing）」 肯定对于一般使用者来说最为需要，因此下述的专辑已经被摆到上头。 希望这也将给予特别是「新手」一些新的观点。 【为求优译，中英文并陈将持续到下一期被发表之后； 在此期间，请不吝于提供对于本文翻译的意见。】

preview-latex - 介绍

The history of TeX and therefore also LaTeX [5] goes back to Donald E. Knuth, undoubtedly one of the most important heads of computer science. Because of its capabilities and properties, LaTeX turned out to be the favorite solution for people in science and the computer area.

TeX 以及接着的 LaTeX [5] 的历史可以追溯到 Donald E. Knuth， 【高德纳 先生，目前是 Stanford 大学电脑科学系名誉教授， 《The Art of Computer Programming》这本经典算法书籍的作者。】 这位无疑是电脑科学界最重要的巨头之一。 由于它的能力（capabilities）和特性（properties）， LaTeX 最终成为在科学界和电脑界中最受欢迎的解决方案。

A major advantage of LaTeX is to allow an author to concentrate on the content without having to worry about details of display with every word. But also when it comes to typesetting mathematical equations of any complexity, LaTeX is still unrivaled.

LaTeX 一个最重要的优点在于：允许作者专注于〔写作的〕内容， 而不担心每一个字〔应该如何〕显示的细节。 并且当遇到排版任何复杂程度的数学式子时，仍无人可与 LaTeX 匹敌。

This becomes possible because LaTeX offers a kind of "Programming language for documents" in which texts are being written.

这之所以成为可能， 是因为 LaTeX 提供了一种「给文档使用的程序语言」； 而文字（texts）则是由这种语言撰写而成的。

Especially for people not so deeply entrenched in computers this can provide a significant barrier, which is why so-called WYSIWYG ("What You See Is What You Get") programs have become the predominant choice for them. This paradigm also offers some advantages for documents massively relying on graphics and all widely-used office packages today are following it.

特别是对于那些并没有深刻使用电脑习惯的人而言， 这会变成一种重大的障碍，这也就是为什么所谓的 WYSIWYG（所见即所得「What You See Is What You Get」） 程序成为他们主要选择的原因。 这个典型（paradigm）也提供了对于大量依赖图形（graphics） 的文档一些优点，并且今天所有广泛使用的办公室软件包都依循着它。

In order to combine both paradigms and get the advantages from both worlds, some programs offer WYSIWYG input on a LaTeX basis. Examples are LxX [6] or TeXmacs, [8] which was introduced in issue #30 of the Brave GNU World. [7]

为了结合两种典型并且从两个世界中取出优点， 一些程序在 LaTeX 的基础上提供了 WYSIWYG 的输入。 例子有 LxX [6] 或 TeXmacs [8]， 在《勇敢 GNU 世界》-〈第 30 期〉中有介绍到它。 [7]

Like the office packages, these have to introduce another layer between user and LaTeX document, which makes it harder or even impossible to access all of the LaTeX functionality. Also this also often requires an intermediate format, which makes the long-term maintenance of a document more difficult.

就像办公室软件包一样，这些〔程序〕引入了介于使用者和 LaTeX 文档间的一层中介，使得它变得较难甚至不可能存取（access） 所有的 LaTeX 功能（functionality）。 同时这通常也需要一种中介格式（intermediate format）， 使得一份文档的长期维护变得更加困难。

Also it tends to hide one advantage of LaTeX, which contradicts the WYSIWYG paradigm. Because of the design as programming language, it is possible to include notes, comments and instructions in LaTeX document, which are invisible in the output, but can be incredibly useful for further development and maintenance of a document.

它也倾向于将 LaTeX 一个优点隐藏起来；而这优点反对 WYSIWYG 典型。 因为设计成一种程序语言，在 LaTeX 文档中有可能加入笔记、注解和指令 （instructions），它们在输出中是不可见（invisible）的， 但是对于文档的进一步发展和维护却是不可思议的有用。

preview-latex - 这工程

In order to make life with LaTeX more comfortable for beginners and professional users without having to go without any of the advantages of LaTeX, David Kastrup began the preview-latex [9] project.

为了让和 LaTeX 在一起的生涯对于新手和专业使用者都更舒适些， 并且不需要牺牲掉任何 LaTeX 的优点，David Kastrup 开始了 preview-latex [9] 工程。

preview-latex is a package for the editors GNU Emacs and Xemacs, which allows embedding WYSIWYG feedback into the AUC-TeX mode.

preview-latex 是一个给 GNU Emacs 和 Xemacs 编辑器使用的软件包， 并且允许进入到 AUC-TeX 模式的嵌入式 WYSIWYG 反馈（feedback）中。

As the largest part of working with a document is still writing it, this can be done in Emacs, a very mighty tool with many additional features. At the same time more complex elements like mathematical equations, non-latin texts, chess and go boards, musical score sheets, graphics and so on can be visualized directly in the editor.

由于在文档上的大部份工作仍是在撰写它〔这程序语言〕， 因此可以在 Emacs 这个拥有许多额外功能的强而有力的工具中完成。 在此同时，较为复杂的元件（elements）像是数学式子、非拉丁文字、 棋盘（chess and go boards）、乐谱（musical score sheets）和图形…… 等等，也可以直接地在编辑器中视觉化地显示。

Since preview-latex does not require or make modifications in the LaTeX code, the full power of LaTeX can be used. Also in cases where different authors work on the same document, the use of preview-latex in one place does not influence the others.

因为 preview-latex 并不需要，或者要对 LaTeX 码作出修改， LaTeX 的全部实力得以发挥。而在不同的作者编辑同一份文档的情形时， 在一处使用 preview-latex 的行为并不会影响到其他人。

The project was originally "scratch your own itch" only, when it began during the PhD thesis of David Kastrup, who - after publishing it as Free Software under the GNU General Public License (GPL) - quickly discovered that there was remarkable interest in his project.

这个计画起初只是用来「搔自己的养」，那是在 David Kastrup 撰写博士论文时 - 在将它以 GNU General Public License (GPL) 公开为自由软件之后 - 他很快地发现到这在他的工程中有相当的好处。

In short time, six more developers were found, among which Alan Shutko, Jan-Åke Larsson and Nick Alcock should be highlighted. Alan Shutko created and maintains the Autoconf-Support. Jan-Åke Larsson has contributed massively to the documentation, did the RPM packaging and is currently working on a rendering daemon to speed up the display. And Nick Alcock is the man behind the XEmacs port and helped with a lot of debugging.

在很短的时间内，他就找到了六个开发人员，其中特别值得强调的人员有 Alan Shutko 、 Jan-Åke Larsson 和 Nick Alcock。 Alan Shutko 创造并维护了 Autoconf-支援。 Jan-Åke Larsson 对于文档贡献了许多，进行 RPM 封包， 现在并且致力于一个表现引擎（rendering daemon）以加快显示速度。 Nick Alcock 则是躲在 XEmacs 实作品（port）后的那个人， 他也帮忙大量的调试除错工作。

Not surprisingly, preview-latex is written mostly in TeX-Macros, some PostScript and a lot of glue code in Emacs-LISP. For speed, future elements will be employing C, as well.

不让人惊讶的是，preview-latex 主要是以 TeX-Macros 、 一些 PostScript 和许多以 Emacs-LISP 写的黏着码（glue code） 所撰写而成的。为了速度，未来的元件也将会采用 C 语言。

In the eyes of David Kastrup, one of the main advantages of preview-latex is being unobtrusive. It only becomes active on request and because of the intuitive user interface, most people never seem to read the documentation. Also it has already seen a lot of optimization and the response time is acceptable even for fairly large documents on mediocre hardware.

在 David Kastrup 的眼中，preview-latex 的一个主要优点在于： 它守本份（unobtrusive）。它只有在被要求时才会作用， 而且由于直觉的使用者介面，大部份的使用者绝对不会觉得好像在阅读文档。 它看起来也好像已经作了许多最佳化（optimization）， 即使在普通的硬件上编辑相当大的文档，回应时间也是可以接受的。

Larger graphical parts still create some problems, however, since they do not feel comfortable to handle in either GNU Emacs or Xemacs.

然而较大的图形部份还是会造成一些问题， 因为它们在 GNU Emacs 或 Xemacs 中〔使用〕并不感到舒适。

Therefore the project is still looking for volunteers to help improving things also from the side of the Emacs editors. Especially on Windows and Macintosh, there is still some work to do for the GNU Emacs.

因此这个工程仍然在寻找志愿者来帮忙改进事物， 其中也包括 Emacs 编辑器那一侧的。 特别是在 Windows 和 Macintosh 平台上， GNU Emacs 在那儿还有一些工作需要完成。

Technically adept people will certainly find many ways of getting involved. I do hope that some of the "normal" users might have gotten curious and will take a look at preview-latex without being discouraged by some initial difficulties.

科技专家必然可以找出许多方式来参与。我真诚地希望可以有一些「正常」 的使用者，会有点好奇心并且没有因为一开始的困难而气馁地看一眼 preview-latex。

If you are interested in a more complete and verbose overview of the field of text processing, I'd recommend taking a look at a document [10] written by David Kastrup during his work on preview-latex.

如果你对于文书处理领域的一个更完整而详细的概观有兴趣的话， 我建议你看一下由 David Kastrup 在他致力于 preview-latex 时所撰写的文档。 [10]

Lire - 日志档管理

It is tradition on Unix systems that all proceedings and activities in the system of services like web server, mail server, name server, databases and many more are written into logfiles. This protocol of activities allows system administrators to monitor their systems closely.

在 Unix 系统中这是个传统；在系统中服务的所有行为（proceedings） 和活动（activities）像是网站服务器、邮件服务器、名称服务器、 资料库和许多其他，都将信息写入日志档（logfiles）中。 这个活动的协定（protocol of activities） 允许系统管理者可以仔细地监视他们系统。

But the logfiles can quickly become fairly large, which makes handling them hard. Although they are usually in ASCII format, a file size of several megabytes can not really be completely grasped by a human being.

但是日志档可以很快地就变得太大了，使得处理它们很困难。 虽然它们通常是使用 ASCII 格式，但是一个具有数 megabytes 的档案， 一个人实在也无法完全地掌握。

On top of this, data only becomes information when approached with a certain question. But a significant part of the data will be irrelevant to the question, so in practice this means that information is usually buried under irrelevant data and therefore almost inaccessible.

其中最主要的问题是：资料只有在当着手于某个特定问题时才会变成信息。 但是有很大一部份的资料将会与问题毫无干系，因此在实用上这代表： 信息通常被湮没在不相干的资料中，因而几乎是无法取得的。

This problem has occured in many places for several years now and has triggered the development of programs to aid people in the analysis of logfiles.

这个问题在许多地方出现已经有些年了， 并因此触发了用来辅助人们分析日志档的程序的开发。

So on April 6th, 2000, several computer scientists of Dutch companies got together to discuss the tedious task of log analysis. It became apparent that each of their companies creates solutions that are merely duplicating efforts already completed in other companies.

因此在二○○○年四月六日，几个荷兰公司的电脑科学家聚在一块， 讨论日志分析这个冗长乏味的苦差事。很明显的， 他们公司中的任一间都创造出了在其他公司中早已完成的解决方案 -- 这都成了〔做了白工的〕重复努力。

In order to end this multiplication of work, the LogReport team began writing a program as Free Software under the GNU General Public License (GPL), which should accomplish these tasks reliably in a professional environment. Almost two years later, Lire 1.0 [11] was published.

为了终结这种工作上的重复，LogReport 小组开始撰写采用 GNU General Public License (GPL) 而作为自由软件的程序， 这应该可以将这些任务可靠地实现在专业环境中。 将近两年之后 Lire 1.0 [11] 就被公开了。

Like the "Electric Monks" of Douglas Adams, which free humans from the boring task of believing, it is the goal of Lire to free people from the tedious task of logfile reading. Hence the name, because the French word "lire" means "reading."

就像「电子修道士」Douglas Adams 以他的信念使在无聊差事中的人们得以获得自由一样，Lire 的目标在于： 使在阅读日志档这个冗长乏味的苦差事中的人们得以获得自由。 因此之故，作为名字的这个法文单字「lire」，指的是「reading」。

The program is written in Perl and Bash, massively employing XML and it works in four steps. First, logfiles are normalized into a "Destilled Log Format" (DLF) in preparation of the second step, where they are being analyzed by generic tools which can be used across services. The output format of those tools is XML, which in the fourth step can then be translated into one of the final logfile formats.

这个程序是以 Perl 和 Bash 撰写而成，大量地采用 XML 并且以四个步骤进行工作。首先，logfiles 被正规化（normalized） 为「Destilled Log Format（DLF）」以作为第二步的准备， 接下来它们由可以跨服务的原生工具（generic tools）进行分析。 这些工具的输出格式为 XML，然后在第四步骤中， 它可以被转译为最终的日志档格式。

Currently, Lire has input filters for 29 different services, still counting. A new service can simply be added by writing a converter into the DLF format.

目前，Lire 拥有二十九种不同服务的输入过滤器，并且还在增加中。 新的服务只要撰写一个到 DLF 格式的转换器（converter） 就可以被加入。

A special advantage of Lire is that it does allow to compare different implementations of the same service, like the MTAs exim and postfix.

Lire 的一个特别的优点是， 它确实地允许相同服务的不同实作品间的比较， 像是 MTAs exim 和 postfix。

The project has already proven itself to perform well in companies with logfiles of severalfor tasks like performance measuring, system maintenance, problem solution and marketing, so it can be considered stable.

这个工程已经自我证明了它的工作效能： 在公司内部，数 gigabytes 的日志档任务，像是效率量测、系统维护、 问题解决方案和行销，因此它可以被认为是稳定的。

Accordingly to Josh Koenig, who filled out the Brave GNU World questionnaire, the biggest weakness is currently the API, which isn't easily understood or well-documented. Besides a user-friendly GUI, this is a major concern of further development.

根据 Josh Koenig 这个填来《勇敢 GNU 世界》标准问题的人， 目前最大的弱点是在 API，它们不太容易理解也没有很好地加以文档化。 因此除了一个对使用者友善的 GUI 之外， 这是未来开发的主要关心的事。

Help on these areas as well as filters for new services are very welcome. Also the group seeks help making Lire popular especially in medium to large size companies.

十分欢迎针对这些项次以及过滤器的帮忙。 同时这群组也寻求可以使 Lire 在特别是中大型企业受到欢迎的帮忙。

The hard core of the LogReport development team consists of Joost van Baal, Francis Lacoste, Egon Willighagen, Josh Koenig and Wessel Dankers, although many developers from different countries around the world have contributed. The project is being maintained by the LogReport Foundation, a charitable association in the Netherlands.

LogReport 开发小组最坚实的核心人员包括： Joost van Baal 、 Francis Lacoste 、 Egon Willighagen 、 Josh Koenig 和 Wessel Dankers ， 虽然有许多来自世界上不同国家的开发人员也作出了贡献。 这个工程是由 LogReport 基金会所维护，它是一所荷兰的慈善机构。

And besides being technically useful, this project also offers a very nice example for one of the most important economic advantages of Free Software, the prevention of repetition of work.

除了在科技上有用之外，这个工程也提供了 「避免重复工作-自由软件最重要的经济优点之一」 的一个非常好的例子。

GNU 源码语法标示（GNU Source Highlight）

GNU Source Highlight [12] by Lorenzo Bettini takes a source code and creates syntax-highlighted output in HTML or XHTML. It has evolved out of the tools java2html and cpp2html, which were introduced in issue #21 of the Brave GNU World and have dissolved into GNU Source Highlight.

由 Lorenzo Bettini 所完成的 GNU 源码语法标示 [12] 取得一份源码，并且以 HTML 或 XHTML 格式制作出具有语法〔颜色〕 标示的输出。它是由 java2html 和 cpp2html 进化而来 -- 在《勇敢 GNU 世界》-〈第 21 期〉有介绍， [13] 这两个工具已经溶解到 GNU 源码语法标示，并成为它的一部份。

Currently input filters exist for Java, C/C++, Prolog, Perl, PHP3, Python, Flex and ChangeLog. Filters for other languages can be added, however.

目前存在的输入过滤器有 Java 、 C/C++ 、 Prolog 、 Perl 、 PHP3 、 Python 、 Flex 和 ChangeLog。不过给其他语言使用的过滤器可以被加上就是了。

The project itself was written in C++ and is stable according to Lorenzo Bettini. He is now working on a new output format (LaTeX) and would like to write a better description language for programming languages in order to replace Flex, which is currently used for this purpose.

这工程本身是以 C++ 写成的，根据 Lorenzo Bettini 它也已经稳定。 他现在正致力于一个新的输出格式（LaTeX）， 并且打算撰写一个更好的描述语言（description language） 以替换掉 Flex ，这是目前使用来作为这个目的〔的语言〕。

Most of the support he received for this project was in terms of filters for different programming languages written by other developers. John Millaway for instance wrote the filters for Flex and ChangeLog, Christian W. Zuckschwedt and Josh Hiloni contributed the XHTML output and Martin Gebert wrote the Python filter. Alain Barbet wrote the filters for PHP3 and Perl.

这个工程他大部份获得的支援是： 由其他开发者所撰写的针对不同程序语言的过滤器。 举例来说，John Millaway 撰写了 Flex 和 ChangeLog 的过滤器； Christian W. Zuckschwedt 和 Josh Hiloni 贡献了到 XHTML 的输出； Martin Gebert 撰写了 Python 的过滤器； Alain Barbet 撰写了给 PHP3 和 Perl 的过滤器。

The major weakness of the project at the moment is that references of functions can currently not be mapped to their definitions, as only lexical analysis is being performed. Fixing this and writing more filters would therefore be good ways of supporting the project.

这个工程此刻最主要的弱点在于： 函数的参照（references of functions）目前可能会不被映射到 （mapped to）它们的定义，而只有字汇分析被执行。 因而「修正这个问题」以及「撰写更多过滤器」 将会是支援这个工程的好方式。

Naturally, developers using GNU Source Highlight as commandline tool or interactive CGI in the web are the classical user group of the project. But there are also users who do appreciate a good graphical user interface.

自然地，以命令列（commandline）或是在网络上的互动式 CGI 来使用 GNU 源码语法标示的开发人员，是这个工程的典型使用者群组。 但是也有使用者会比较欣赏一个好的图形使用者介面。

Ksrc2html - 给 GNU 源码语法标示使用的 GUI

Ksrc2html [14] by Martin Gebert is a graphical user interface for GNU Source Highlight; also available under the GNU General Public License (GPL), which makes it Free Software. As the name suggests, Ksrc2html is based upon C++, Qt and KDE 2, an update to KDE 3 is planned.

由 Martin Gebert 所完成的 Ksrc2html [14] 是一个给 GNU 源码语法标示使用的图形使用者介面； 也可以在使它成为自由软件的 GNU General Public License (GPL) 下取得。 正如它的名称所暗示的： Ksrc2html 奠基于 C++ 、 Qt 和 KDE 2 ， 不过也计划要更新到 KDE 3 。

Ksrc2html allows a formatting preview in order to allow better control over the parameters. Also settings for colors and font types can be made interactively and saved for later usage.

Ksrc2html 提供格式的预览，以允许可以更好地控制参数 （parameters）。同时对于颜色和字形字体的设定也能够互动地完成， 并且可以储存起来作为以后的用途。

Thanks to Xavier Outhier, who took care of the French translation, Ksrc2html is currently localizable for German and French.

感谢 Xavier Outhier 照应了它的法文翻译， Ksrc2html 目前已经对德文和法文完成区域化（localizable for） 的工作了。

Martin considers the project to be stable, although he does plan to expand the dialog for colors and font types in a way that will allow automatic adjustment for different programming languages.

Martin 认为这工程已经稳定了，虽然他确实计划要 「以一种允许给不同程序语言自动调整的方式」， 扩充颜色和字形字体的对话框。

Also he would like it to be known that help with the KDE 3 port would be quite welcome.

同时他也想让大家知道：特别欢迎对于 KDE 3 实作品的帮忙。

自由软件在亚洲

As the Asian readers will probably be happy to read, on July 10th, 2002, the "Free Software Initiative Japan" (FSIJ) [15] was founded. It seeks to further Free Software in Japan and create the basis for a future FSF Japan or FSF Asia.

亚洲的读者也许会很高兴地阅读到，在二○○二年七月十日， 「Free Software Initiative Japan（FSIJ）」 [15] 成立了。 它致力于在日本推广自由软件，并且创立作为未来 FSF Japan 或 FSF Asia 的基本组织。

Chairman of the FSIJ is Prof. Masayuki Ida, who was acting as the "Vice President Japan" of the Free Software Foundation North America for a long time and with whom the members of the Free Software Foundation Europe led intensive discussions during his trip through Europe last year.

FSIJ 的主席是 Masayuki Ida 教授，他担任北美自由软件基金会 「日本副总裁」很长了一段时间，并且在他去年的欧洲访问期间， 与欧洲自由软件基金会的成员们进行了密集的讨论。

In order to provide an impulse for Free Software in Japan, the FSIJ organized the "Free Software Symposium 2002" in Tokyo on October 22nd and 23rd. Being the first event of its kind in Asia, speakers from China, Thailand, Japan, Singapore, Germany, Italy and the USA were invited to provide an interesting conference programme.

为了提供给在日本的自由软件基金会一个推动力，FSIJ 组织了十月卄二日、卄三日在东京举办的 「二○○二年自由软件研讨会（Free Software Symposium 2002 ）」。 由于这是在亚洲这类型事件第一次出现的场合， 来自中国、泰国、日本、新加坡、德国、意大利和美国的演讲者都被邀请， 并提供有趣的会议节目。

Besides the more technically oriented presentations about Debian, the HURD project or RedFlag Linux, the Chinese GNU/Linux distribution, there were also speeches about the larger issues of Free Software and the situations in Asia and Europe.

除了较为技术导向的关于 「Debian 、 HURD 工程或 RedFlag Linux 、中文 GNU/Linux 散布件」 的展示外，也有关于自由软件以及其在亚洲和欧洲的状况的演讲。

The round table on the evening of October 22nd discussed the issues of better international cooperation for internationalization of programs and documentation as well as the possibility of a solution oriented database for Free Software. Even though these issues would certainly not be solved in two hours, some practical ideas were found that are now being pursued by mail.

十月卄二日晚上举行的圆桌会议讨论了对于 「程序与文档的国际化」的更好的国际合作的议题， 以及给自由软件使用的解决方案导向资料库（solution oriented database） 的可能性。即使这些议题肯定无法在两个小时之内获得解决， 却也找到一些实用的想法 -- 现在正以邮件寻求解决。

All in all this was an important step forward for Free Software in Asia, which also intensified the dialog between the asian countries. Building upon it, it is considered to hold a followup-event sometime around February or March 2003 in Thailand.

全部这些，都是自由软件在亚洲的重要一步， 并强化了亚洲国家间的对话。以这为基础，目前已经考虑要接续着举办 -- 约二○○三年二月或三月份左右于泰国。

Maybe it will be possible to establish these events as a permanent institution wandering from country to country in Asia. In any case it is very good to see that Free Software is also on the rise in Asia.

也许将有可能将这些事件建立为一种永久的「在亚洲国家间轮流举办的」 惯例。不管怎样，看到自由软件也在亚洲掘起总是非常好的。

Asian readers of the Brave GNU World who would like to get involved should probably get in touch with the FSIJ or GNU China [16].

想要参与的《勇敢 GNU 世界》的亚洲读者，也许应该和 FSIJ 或 GNU China [16] 联系。

直到下一次之前

Enough Brave GNU World for this month. Although the repetition might cause some to read over it, as every month I am asking for questions, ideas, comments and mails about interesting projects.

这个月的《勇敢 GNU 世界》已经足够了。 虽然这一再的重复也许会使得一些读者跳过这里， 但每个月我还是请求各位寄来有关各种工程的问题、想法、意见和邮件。

And despite the danger to be buried under more mail, I'd like to ask you a concrete question. In reference to Douglas Adams, I'd like to hear what is the most important question to you that Free Software provides the answer to. Like everything else, please send your questions to the usual address. [1].

即便有可能会被更多的邮件所湮没，我还是请求你寄来具体的问题。 关于 Douglas Adams，我想要听听看对你而言，自由软件应该回答的 「什么是最重要的问题」。如同其他，请将你的问题送到平常的位址 [1]。 【请以英文或德文撰写邮件，其他的语言无法被了解； 或以中文送到本文翻译。】